Complicações fetais na gemelaridade monocoriônica: quadro clínico, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e conduta / Fetal complications in monochorionic twin pregnancy: clinical features, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management

A incidência de gemelaridade monocoriônica é de um para cada duzentos e cinquenta gestações. A placenta monocoriônica está relacionada a maior risco de complicações gestacionais, como transfusão feto-fetal, restrição seletiva do crescimento fetal, óbito fetal e gêmeo acárdico. Portanto, a avaliação criteriosa da corionicidade, o monitoramento da gestação e a detecção precoce de complicações são fatores importantes para melhorar o desfecho neonatal. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever as principais complicações fetais da gestação monocoriônica e qual deve ser a conduta obstétrica diante das diversas situações adversas. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura dos últimos 28 anos, nas bases de dados MEDLINE/Pubmed, Scielo, LILACS e BIREME, sendo encontrados 401 artigos. Dentre estes, 28 estudos foram selecionados para esta revisão.(AU)

The incidence of monochorionic twin pregnancy is one in every two hundred and fifty pregnancies. The monochorionic placenta is associated with higher risk of pregnancy complications, such as fetal-fetal transfusion, selective fetal growth restriction, fetal death and acardiac twin. Therefore, a careful assessment of chorionicity, monitoring of pregnancy and early detection of complications are important factors to improve neonatal outcomes. Thus, the aim of this study is to describe the major fetal complications of monochorionic pregnancy and the better and what should be the obstetric approach considering the various adverse situations. A literature review of the past 28 years was performed in MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and BIREME, being found 401 articles. Of these, 28 studies were selected for this review.(AU)

Compromiso ocular en la enfermedad de Chagas congénita: Cases report / Ocular involvement in congenital Chagas disease

El compromiso ocular es una forma de presentación infrecuente en los niños con la enfermedad de Chagas congénita. Se presentan tres pacientes menores de dos meses de edad con compromiso ocular, todos ellos derivados al hospital para control oftalmológico por prematuridad. El diagnóstico oftalmológico fue de vitreítis bilateral intensa (uveítis posterior) asociada a enfermedad de Chagas. Se realizó tratamiento antiparasitario, con buena respuesta en los tres casos. Debe considerarse la enfermedad de Chagas como diagnóstico diferencial de una patología ocular en los lugares donde la enfermedad es endémica y solicitar una evaluación oftalmológica en los niños con diagnóstico de la enfermedad, en especial aquellos sintomáticos y con antecedente de prematuridad.

Ophthalmic compromise is infrequent in children with congenital Chagas disease. We present 3 patients under 2 months of age, with ocular involvement, all of them referred to the hospital for ophthalmic evaluation of the premature newborn. The ophthalmic finding was bilateral severe vitreitis (posterior uveitis) related to Chagas disease. They received antiparasitic therapy with a good outcome in all cases. Chagas disease must be considered as differential diagnosis of ocular pathology in those countries where the pathology is endemic, and fundoscopic evaluation must be done in those children with the diagnosis, especially those symptomatic and prematurely born.

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.

Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome is a rare disorder of autonomic dysfunction where the body "forgets to breathe". The primitive responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia are sluggish to absent. Since, it was first described in 1970, not much has been discovered about its etiology and pathophysiology except its relationship with PHOX2B gene mutations and associations with disorders of neural crest origin like Hirschprung's Disease. Here, we describe such a case where the diagnosis of anything other than CCHS seems unlikely.